King Lear

Although a similar vision of justice is encompassed within King Lear and The Tempest, both protagonists receive fate strikingly dissimilar from one another; as a direct result of the relationship shared between their respective daughters, which ultimately distinguishes the plays from the similar concepts (compassion, nature, monarchy, and usurping) found within them. In King Lear, the nature of mercy and redemption are unobtainable elements, as the form of a Shakespearean tragedy is established on the foundation of chaos and pity, which arguably conceals the subtle (or blatant) relationship between both plays.Both plays include a tempest; a violent thunderstorm that symbolize a life-changing moment for the introspective protagonists. Prospered magic conjures the violent storm described in The Tempest, which destroys the boat of his royal enemies and prompts the pilot of the play. Unlike Prosper, Lear is a victim of the tempest described in his tragedy, but Shakespeare purposely uses this scene to ‘ cleanse' the drenched king as he makes a revelation through an emotional soliloquy, thus humbugging him.This concept of nature's fury, although mutually significant in both respective plays, also discloses the dissimilarity shared between the two protagonists. Prosper, from the opening scene, was described as wise and empathetic, specifically using the storm to confront his enemies, not to cause harm. Prosper was already introduced to the audience as a humankind protagonist, while Shakespeare depicted Lear as ‘blind' until his own tempest in the middle of the play. The significance of the tempest scenes symbolizes the genesis of repentance and retribution for both of the principal characters.Although Prosper is successful in restoring his role as the rightful king in the plays climax, Learner's kingdom is obliterated and results in his death. The notable nature behind the protagonist's paternal role towards their daughter tryingly influences the events of the play, as both elderly kings are fathers to similarly angelic daughters. In King Lear, the audience is quickly clued in on Learner's foolishness as a father, since Shakespeare manifests this notion through the old kings retirement celebration.Learner's two daughters, General and Reagan, are wicked women who manipulatively express their faux affection towards their narcissistic father. Ironically, Cornelia remains the only daughter of virtue who proclaims that the sincere affection she feels towards him transcends mere words. King Learner's opening CT alone already corresponds with the introduction found within The Tempest's introduction, except the scenario is presented in a reverse manner.Lear was seeking an early retirement and attempted to distribute his kingdom between his three daughters, while Prosper was usurped of his dukedom by his treacherous younger brother, Antonio. Despite of the similarities presented in the opening act, Shakespeare also reveals the pivotal differe nce behind the plays father/daughter dynamic. Unlike Lear, Prosper is completely engrossed in Miranda and her well- being from the plays opening, even comparing her too cherub: MIRANDA Alack, what trouble Was I then to you! PROSPER O, a cherubim Thou waste that did preserve me.Thou didst smile. Infused with a fortitude from heaven. (1. 2. 51-54) Shakespeare arguably uses Miranda for the sole purpose of symbolism, since her character's actions are essentially irrelevant to the events in The Tempest, as she's utilized more as an image of Prospered fatherly love rather than a character of great significance. Cornelia, whose nature is undeniably similar to Miranda, is portrayed as one the most compelling characters in King Lear, due to her role as the angelic daughter who substitutes Marinara's naivety with awareness.Shakespeare exchanges the protagonist's role through their daughters in both King Lear and The Tempest; Lear exhibits Marinara's naivety and Prosper reflects Cordillera's c ompassion. Shakespeare distinguishes this concept from the onset of both plays and hints towards the protagonist's fate through, once again, their daughters. Prosper established his endearment towards Miranda in the beginning of The Tempest and consistently demonstrated his loyalty towards her. Shakespeare rewards the unconditional love exhibited by the elderly king and compensates the former ruler with a favorable conclusion.In King Lear, the protagonist is not bestowed with the same fortune, as Lear also hints towards his fate during the plays introduction. Lear does not refer to his celestial daughter a cherub, like Prosper did, and chooses to disown his daughter instead: LEAR: Let it be so. Thy truth then be thy dower. For by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hectare and the night, By all the operation of the orbs From whom we do exist and cease to be-? Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity, and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and me H old thee from this for ever.The barbarous Scythian, Or he that makes his generation messes To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom Be as well neighborhood, pitied, and relieved As thou my sometime daughter. (109-123) Truthfully, Lear only disowned his daughter through the sole notion that she didn't love him (verbally), but the motive behind this harsh act does not exempt Lear from the grim fate Shakespeare had reserved. A Shakespearean tragedy is molded on the tragic figure's hamster, as Learner's foolishness' was evidently his.Betrayal of kin spreads like poison throughout King Learner's conclusion: Gloucester, Lear, Reagan, and General all meet their grim fate because of the deception they inflicted on their families. Cornelia is substantially the most tragic character in King Lear (and arguably all of the tragedies) due to her innocent and compassionate persona, which rejects the bitterness imposed from being the victim of betrayal and attempts to restore her father's usurped t itle.However, the unspeakable act behind a father abandoning his saintly daughter strongly indicates why Shakespeare bestowed Prosper with magic and Lear with madness. Superficially, King Lear and The Tempest both provide many of the elements squired in a revenge plot. Both protagonists are conceptually banished after their royal power is renounced, regardless if the title was robbed from them or relinquished willingly, and desire to restore their former glory. The plays also describe similar scenes of madness experienced by Lear but inflicted by Prosper on secondary characters.Although betrayal and the search for Justice are elements fundamental to the plays plot, neither story qualifies in taking the title of a revenge tragedy. In King Lear, the only character that arguably has a motive for revenge is Edmund for being mocked as an illegitimate child. Lear, the principal character, is responsible for triggering the events of the play by allowing the wicked sisters to rule his kingd om and disown Cornelia. In The Tempest, the magical harpy generated by Prospered magic doesn't qualify as the Vengeful ghost' most revenge tragedies would describe.Prosper succeeds in his revenge by restoring his stolen title from Antonio, but expresses mercy and compassion towards his enemies, therefore voiding the play from any tragic genre. Predominantly, the themes illustrated in The Tempest and King Lear project the once for Justice, but the concept behind familial betrayal stem from the protagonist's daughters and ultimately receive Judgment from Shakespeare. The component of evil is not entirely absent from The Tempest, as Clinical (the son of the Devil who attempted to rape young Miranda) is undeniably a wicked character.Clinical echoes similarities to Lagos character in Othello, evoking the idea that the Devil mightier had more children scattered throughout the Shakespearean universe. While the Journey for restoration described in King Lear arguably parallels the plot thin The Tempest, the progress actually made by protagonists reveals that the psyche of both men are actually years apart. Prosper is already enjoying the relationship he shares with his daughter at the beginning of his play while Lear doesn't make his revelation until half of the plays events elapse.In fact, Lear is ironically more sane as a madman then he ever was as king. Shakespeare gives the notion that the power behind father-daughter relationship transcends any obstacle hurled towards the protagonist, as described by the victory Prosper achieved after Ewing exiled to a distant island, but the tragedy depicted in King Lear reminds the audience of the grim consequences one must face when turning their back on innocent family. The conclusion of both plays, Just like their introductions, are described in a reverse fashion.Shakespeare temporarily forgave Lear through compassionate Cornelia, while Prosper exhibited his compassion by forgiving the other characters. Prosper learns compass ion through Miranda, a concept that Shakespeare deliberately instilled in Lear when it was too late . If Shakespeare had altered the conclusion in King Lear to an ending where Lear survived the chaos, then t would be plausible to assume his character would exhibit the same characteristics of Prosper; two elderly rulers who where once usurped by malicious family and learned the value of compassion through their righteous daughters.Of course, this theoretical concept of King Lear concluding in peace would null the play from its tragic form, and reclassify the drama as a comedy Just like it's companion play, The Tempest. Moreover, The elements of a tragedy illustrated in The Tempest are not as blatant as those described in King Lear, if anything, the hamster Lear suffers from is substituted by Prospered wisdom. The element of hope, however, is a strong tragic component that pulsates throughout the veins of both plays. The audience evidently sympathizes with both protagonists, as both e lderly men have been â€Å"more sinned against than sinning. (3. 2. 1372), but Shakespeare ultimately scrutinizes the elderly men through their behavior as fathers-of-celestial women and Judges their fate by either condemning the protagonist to an agonizing death or rewarding him with the honor of restored monarchy and freedom. *Addendum: If given the fortunate opportunity to celebrate my 65th birthday, Judging by how I fleet on life the past 24 years, I can certainly see myself remembering Shakespearean work as the key to understanding hamster and the very-real danger it can demonstrate.Aristotle coined the term hamster, but it wasn't until I read Shakespearean Hamlet that I realized the consequences of your internal-flaws. Similar to Hamlet, I used to have an indecisive personality, (which hasn't completely faded from my subconscious), and I frequently would think-before acting and find faux justifications in delaying my goals: applying for scholarships, working harder in grade s chool, daily exercise, healthy dieting, and managing finances.Although I didn't interact with the ghost of my father nor seek revenge against my treacherous uncle, I lost dozens of life-enriching opportunities due to being indecisive and it haunts me frequently. I can only assume, and hope, that the age of 65 will be a milestone for decades of utilizing a revamped proactive persona, as the tragedies will always remind me of the catastrophes that stem from personality flaws. After all, what better way can we pity a tragic figure than to express our own compassion towards their suffering? King Lear PPISMP TESL (R) Foundation Course Cohort 4 (June 2011 Intake) English Studies III: PI 1353K (R) (Revision) KING LEAR By William Shakespeare 1. The intricate relationship between characters adds to the interest of readers to study the play. Based on the play you have studied, discuss this statement with convincing evidence to justify your answer. 2. Write a critical analysis of one of the themes presented in the play you have studied. 3. Identify the theme of the play you have studied. Elaborate how the theme is developed by the characters. . Identify the theme of the play you have studied. Elaborate how the plot and the setting develop the theme. 5. Identify one of the issues raised in the play you have studied. characters reflect this issue. Elaborate how the 6. Identify the theme of the play you have studied. Elaborate how the theme is developed by the setting and the characters. 7. Identify the issues raised in the play you have studied. evidence from the text. Discuss the issues with 8. Discuss the significance of the title and how it reflects the theme of the play. .Discuss the significance of the title and how it is developed by the characters and plot of the novel. NHA/ES III – King Lear Revision/2012 Themes Greed for power & wealth Betrayal Familial relationship Love & betrayal Issues Greed for power & wealth destroys Blind love Actions and consequences 10. Based on the drama you have studied, analyze the play based on the following i. The characters ii. The theme iii. The issues raised Support your answer with convincing evidence and elaboration. 1. You have studied a play during this course. Based on this play, write a critical analysis of about 350 words. In your analysis, discuss the themes and issues raised and how these are portrayed by the characters. 12. Write a reader response of about 350 words on the play you have studied. In your reader response, discuss the following; i. ii. iii. The theme The characters and their relationships The i nfluence of the setting on the characters NHA/ES III – King Lear Revision/2012 King Lear Although a similar vision of justice is encompassed within King Lear and The Tempest, both protagonists receive fate strikingly dissimilar from one another; as a direct result of the relationship shared between their respective daughters, which ultimately distinguishes the plays from the similar concepts (compassion, nature, monarchy, and usurping) found within them. In King Lear, the nature of mercy and redemption are unobtainable elements, as the form of a Shakespearean tragedy is established on the foundation of chaos and pity, which arguably conceals the subtle (or blatant) relationship between both plays.Both plays include a tempest; a violent thunderstorm that symbolize a life-changing moment for the introspective protagonists. Prospered magic conjures the violent storm described in The Tempest, which destroys the boat of his royal enemies and prompts the pilot of the play. Unlike Prosper, Lear is a victim of the tempest described in his tragedy, but Shakespeare purposely uses this scene to ‘ cleanse' the drenched king as he makes a revelation through an emotional soliloquy, thus humbugging him.This concept of nature's fury, although mutually significant in both respective plays, also discloses the dissimilarity shared between the two protagonists. Prosper, from the opening scene, was described as wise and empathetic, specifically using the storm to confront his enemies, not to cause harm. Prosper was already introduced to the audience as a humankind protagonist, while Shakespeare depicted Lear as ‘blind' until his own tempest in the middle of the play. The significance of the tempest scenes symbolizes the genesis of repentance and retribution for both of the principal characters.Although Prosper is successful in restoring his role as the rightful king in the plays climax, Learner's kingdom is obliterated and results in his death. The notable nature behind the protagonist's paternal role towards their daughter tryingly influences the events of the play, as both elderly kings are fathers to similarly angelic daughters. In King Lear, the audience is quickly clued in on Learner's foolishness as a father, since Shakespeare manifests this notion through the old kings retirement celebration.Learner's two daughters, General and Reagan, are wicked women who manipulatively express their faux affection towards their narcissistic father. Ironically, Cornelia remains the only daughter of virtue who proclaims that the sincere affection she feels towards him transcends mere words. King Learner's opening CT alone already corresponds with the introduction found within The Tempest's introduction, except the scenario is presented in a reverse manner.Lear was seeking an early retirement and attempted to distribute his kingdom between his three daughters, while Prosper was usurped of his dukedom by his treacherous younger brother, Antonio. Despite of the similarities presented in the opening act, Shakespeare also reveals the pivotal differe nce behind the plays father/daughter dynamic. Unlike Lear, Prosper is completely engrossed in Miranda and her well- being from the plays opening, even comparing her too cherub: MIRANDA Alack, what trouble Was I then to you! PROSPER O, a cherubim Thou waste that did preserve me.Thou didst smile. Infused with a fortitude from heaven. (1. 2. 51-54) Shakespeare arguably uses Miranda for the sole purpose of symbolism, since her character's actions are essentially irrelevant to the events in The Tempest, as she's utilized more as an image of Prospered fatherly love rather than a character of great significance. Cornelia, whose nature is undeniably similar to Miranda, is portrayed as one the most compelling characters in King Lear, due to her role as the angelic daughter who substitutes Marinara's naivety with awareness.Shakespeare exchanges the protagonist's role through their daughters in both King Lear and The Tempest; Lear exhibits Marinara's naivety and Prosper reflects Cordillera's c ompassion. Shakespeare distinguishes this concept from the onset of both plays and hints towards the protagonist's fate through, once again, their daughters. Prosper established his endearment towards Miranda in the beginning of The Tempest and consistently demonstrated his loyalty towards her. Shakespeare rewards the unconditional love exhibited by the elderly king and compensates the former ruler with a favorable conclusion.In King Lear, the protagonist is not bestowed with the same fortune, as Lear also hints towards his fate during the plays introduction. Lear does not refer to his celestial daughter a cherub, like Prosper did, and chooses to disown his daughter instead: LEAR: Let it be so. Thy truth then be thy dower. For by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hectare and the night, By all the operation of the orbs From whom we do exist and cease to be-? Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity, and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and me H old thee from this for ever.The barbarous Scythian, Or he that makes his generation messes To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom Be as well neighborhood, pitied, and relieved As thou my sometime daughter. (109-123) Truthfully, Lear only disowned his daughter through the sole notion that she didn't love him (verbally), but the motive behind this harsh act does not exempt Lear from the grim fate Shakespeare had reserved. A Shakespearean tragedy is molded on the tragic figure's hamster, as Learner's foolishness' was evidently his.Betrayal of kin spreads like poison throughout King Learner's conclusion: Gloucester, Lear, Reagan, and General all meet their grim fate because of the deception they inflicted on their families. Cornelia is substantially the most tragic character in King Lear (and arguably all of the tragedies) due to her innocent and compassionate persona, which rejects the bitterness imposed from being the victim of betrayal and attempts to restore her father's usurped t itle.However, the unspeakable act behind a father abandoning his saintly daughter strongly indicates why Shakespeare bestowed Prosper with magic and Lear with madness. Superficially, King Lear and The Tempest both provide many of the elements squired in a revenge plot. Both protagonists are conceptually banished after their royal power is renounced, regardless if the title was robbed from them or relinquished willingly, and desire to restore their former glory. The plays also describe similar scenes of madness experienced by Lear but inflicted by Prosper on secondary characters.Although betrayal and the search for Justice are elements fundamental to the plays plot, neither story qualifies in taking the title of a revenge tragedy. In King Lear, the only character that arguably has a motive for revenge is Edmund for being mocked as an illegitimate child. Lear, the principal character, is responsible for triggering the events of the play by allowing the wicked sisters to rule his kingd om and disown Cornelia. In The Tempest, the magical harpy generated by Prospered magic doesn't qualify as the Vengeful ghost' most revenge tragedies would describe.Prosper succeeds in his revenge by restoring his stolen title from Antonio, but expresses mercy and compassion towards his enemies, therefore voiding the play from any tragic genre. Predominantly, the themes illustrated in The Tempest and King Lear project the once for Justice, but the concept behind familial betrayal stem from the protagonist's daughters and ultimately receive Judgment from Shakespeare. The component of evil is not entirely absent from The Tempest, as Clinical (the son of the Devil who attempted to rape young Miranda) is undeniably a wicked character.Clinical echoes similarities to Lagos character in Othello, evoking the idea that the Devil mightier had more children scattered throughout the Shakespearean universe. While the Journey for restoration described in King Lear arguably parallels the plot thin The Tempest, the progress actually made by protagonists reveals that the psyche of both men are actually years apart. Prosper is already enjoying the relationship he shares with his daughter at the beginning of his play while Lear doesn't make his revelation until half of the plays events elapse.In fact, Lear is ironically more sane as a madman then he ever was as king. Shakespeare gives the notion that the power behind father-daughter relationship transcends any obstacle hurled towards the protagonist, as described by the victory Prosper achieved after Ewing exiled to a distant island, but the tragedy depicted in King Lear reminds the audience of the grim consequences one must face when turning their back on innocent family. The conclusion of both plays, Just like their introductions, are described in a reverse fashion.Shakespeare temporarily forgave Lear through compassionate Cornelia, while Prosper exhibited his compassion by forgiving the other characters. Prosper learns compass ion through Miranda, a concept that Shakespeare deliberately instilled in Lear when it was too late . If Shakespeare had altered the conclusion in King Lear to an ending where Lear survived the chaos, then t would be plausible to assume his character would exhibit the same characteristics of Prosper; two elderly rulers who where once usurped by malicious family and learned the value of compassion through their righteous daughters.Of course, this theoretical concept of King Lear concluding in peace would null the play from its tragic form, and reclassify the drama as a comedy Just like it's companion play, The Tempest. Moreover, The elements of a tragedy illustrated in The Tempest are not as blatant as those described in King Lear, if anything, the hamster Lear suffers from is substituted by Prospered wisdom. The element of hope, however, is a strong tragic component that pulsates throughout the veins of both plays. The audience evidently sympathizes with both protagonists, as both e lderly men have been â€Å"more sinned against than sinning. (3. 2. 1372), but Shakespeare ultimately scrutinizes the elderly men through their behavior as fathers-of-celestial women and Judges their fate by either condemning the protagonist to an agonizing death or rewarding him with the honor of restored monarchy and freedom. *Addendum: If given the fortunate opportunity to celebrate my 65th birthday, Judging by how I fleet on life the past 24 years, I can certainly see myself remembering Shakespearean work as the key to understanding hamster and the very-real danger it can demonstrate.Aristotle coined the term hamster, but it wasn't until I read Shakespearean Hamlet that I realized the consequences of your internal-flaws. Similar to Hamlet, I used to have an indecisive personality, (which hasn't completely faded from my subconscious), and I frequently would think-before acting and find faux justifications in delaying my goals: applying for scholarships, working harder in grade s chool, daily exercise, healthy dieting, and managing finances.Although I didn't interact with the ghost of my father nor seek revenge against my treacherous uncle, I lost dozens of life-enriching opportunities due to being indecisive and it haunts me frequently. I can only assume, and hope, that the age of 65 will be a milestone for decades of utilizing a revamped proactive persona, as the tragedies will always remind me of the catastrophes that stem from personality flaws. After all, what better way can we pity a tragic figure than to express our own compassion towards their suffering? King Lear The selected passage is from Act IV, Scene VII, from one of the most historical and critically acclaimed plays of William Shakespeare. It is generally agreed today to be Shakespeare's greatest play by the learned as well as the public (Hunter, p. 1). It has the extremes of cruelty and suffering face extremes of loyalty and sacrifice and its basic motifs have the classic themes of love, betrayal, rejection and conquest. Shakespeare’s audience of the time truly understood these themes, identifying well with the king as a tragic hero and the nihilism that was fast growing its seed in the time of Jacobean theater.In the given passage, the scene is presented between Cordelia and her father. A physician is present as well. Cordelia has just rescued her father – who is now battling a profound befuddlement of senses. He is already shifting in and out of reality, wearing flowers in his hair. After these few dialogues of Cordelia (above passage), he comes to consciousness and onc e recognizes Cordelia, begins to believe that they are both dead..King Lear, writes Marvin Rosenberg, was written for the stage, to stimulate sense, feeling, and mind in a massive theatrical experience. Any evaluation must consider the artist's use of all his arousal materials (Rosenberg, p. 1). The emotional turmoil and conflicts of relationships in Lear’s life make much for the ‘massive theatrical experience’ that Shakespeare promised.In this given passage, Cordelia beseeches to her sisters, Regan and Goneril, in dramatic agony. They have betrayed their father and brought him to a condition which brings tears to Cordelia. For the sake of greed and land, the two sisters have brought their father down the very piths of humanity and the one daughter who was actually sincere to Lear is now at his side. Lear, tragically and unfortunately, mistrusted and mistreated this very daughter who was praying unto heavens and doing her utmost to bring her father back to a stat e of life and revival.Seeing her father’s terrible condition, Cordelia wonders out loud, with ample pathos, to Regan and Goneril that if they had not considered the fact that Lear was their father – they could have at least considered his age and senility. But they did not consider it at all and left him to be swallowed by the ill-winds that blew his way with the courtesy of their betrayal itself.Cordelia creates a powerful analogy for the condition of her father and his daughters with the dog of an enemy. She says that even an enemy’s dog, which has the sole purpose of establishing harm to you – would have stood against her or supported her in a terrible fate such as this. But what was this inhumanity of her sisters that they had so deliberately thrown their father into this highly adverse situations where there was no one left to take care of him but the wilderness and the rough fate that brought him to Cordelia in such conditions.The character of Corde lia is a paragon of ‘virtue and optimism'. Her simple nature is signaled by her label-name, which focuses on her situation. She is a woman of heart, compassion and courage (Hamilton, p. 151). When her father asks her to speak of her love and loyalty and devotion to him, she opens Pandora ’s Box by replying in her sweet, simple, precise words, â€Å"Unhappy that I am, I cannot have my heart into my mouth. I love your majesty according to my bond, no more nor less† (Shakespeare, p. 12).   Her father does not understand the depth of these simple and truthful words and mistakes her simplicity for insincerity. He falls in the trap of slick and suave words that ultimately bring his downfall.As she leaves the home, she speaks on her farewell note with the heartfelt emotion, which again goes unnoticed and dishonored, â€Å"The jewels of our father, with wash'd eyes Cordelia leaves you. I know you what you are, and like a sister am most loath to call your faults as the y are nam'd. Love well our father: to your professed bosoms I commit him. But yet, alas, stood I wihin his grace, I would prefer him to a better place. So farewell to you both† (Shakespeare, p. 19).The foolish king does not understand Cordelia and her love and in this passage, where she sits beside him, nursing him, praying for his health, lamenting the selfishness and cruelty of her sisters, we see the same loyal daughter who refused to bear a grudge for a naà ¯ve, arrogant and narcissistic father who would destroy everything due to his these very follies.There are powerful themes of the play that are duly depicted in this passage. Cordelia’s love for her father, despite the way that he treated her, shows her unrelenting and faithfulness to her father. She feels passionately for her father’s plight and vouches all that she possibly can to the Heavens so that he is well soon. This theme and behavior of Cordelia shows that despite Lear’s pessimism and nihi lism for the world and life in general, no matter how justified his circumstances may be, there is still hope in the world. With people like Cordelia, one could not say the human race is generally bad by nature (Friedlander, n.p.).Some critics also venerate King Lear as a Christian drama with elements of ‘regeneration', ‘redemption' and being ‘saved' (Elton, p. 3). Although the play itself is a tragedy and the cruelty of the bottomless evil of the spirit and nature of mankind is aptly described in the play on various occasions and through various points, but despite all that, through Cordelia’s character and realistic love for her father, we see that mankind is capable of some good, at least.The passage bears in it a strong message for this very fight between good and evil. The world is, although, not as grandly and starkly divided between dark and white forces, this particular passage in King Lear shows that Cordelia has the passion to hate. It is not as if she is a picture of morality or does not understand evil for the reason of being naà ¯ve or un-understanding. She is fully aware of what her sisters had in mind and what they meant to happen to their father. But Cordelia’s true and pure nature helps her ask this question – that even if they had forgotten the fact that Lear was their father – did they not realize that they were doing this to a man who was at the end of his age? A long and war-filled life that needed to be spent in harmony and peace? Yet his own flesh and blood had forsaken him.Due to his senility, he may not have been able to realize the depth of his mistakes and actions – but Cordelia expects from her sisters to understand the senility – and care for him and not swindle him into bringing him into this state of despair and dreadfulness. This passage not only depicts the disappointment and despair of a sister, a daughter and a woebegone character, but the symbol of truth and goodne ss when it faces the turmoil of the chaos that evil and greed have committed in the world, which only produces pain, disaster and tragedy. Bibliography:Elton, William R. King Lear and the Gods. San Marino, Calif: Huntington Library, 1966. Friedlander, Ed. â€Å"Enjoying King Lear, by William Shakespeare†. Pathguy.com. Jan 30, 2005. http://www.pathguy.com/kinglear.htm October 27, 2007. Hamilton, Sharon. Shakespeare's Daughters. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2003. Hunter, G., and Shakespeare, William. â€Å"King Lear†. London: Penguin Books. 1996. Rosenberg, Marvin. The Masks of King Lear. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. Shakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New Folger Library Shakespeare. New York: Washington Square Press, 2005. King Lear In Shakespeare’s King Lear there is a definite element of the grotesque as seen in Lear’s own personality, and the other main characters in how they treat Lear.   Thus the grotesque in Shakespeare’s play is manifested through power.   The grotesque theme of Shakespeare’s play will be examined in this essay as it pertains to King Lear’s hate of his daughters, and the way in which he treats them before his death.Blindness is a recognition in the play of Lear’s grotesque nature or his need for power over others and how he cannot stand to see the world, or kingdom he created at the end of the play (Friedlander paragraph two).   In King Lear’s distrust of his daughters he one by one makes himself disowned by them as can be deciphered in this speech,I prithee, daughter, do not make me mad. I will not trouble thee, my child; farewell. We'll no more meet, no more see one another. But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter; Or rathe r a disease that's in my flesh, Which I must needs call mine. Thou art a boil, A plague sore, an embossed carbuncle In my corrupted blood. But I'll not chide thee. Let shame come when it will, I do not call it. I do not bid the Thunder-bearer shoot Nor tell tales of thee to high-judging Jove. Mend when thou canst; be better at thy leisure; I can be patient, I can stay with Regan, I and my hundred knights.† ( Shakespeare II.iv.1514).The parallels of father-child relationships are shown in how Lear’s daughter, Cordelia, parallels to Gloucester’s son Edgar; both Cordelia and Edgar are loyal to their fathers to the end, and Cordelia is banished while Edgar is forced into hiding both actions are pertaining to the manifestation of the grotesque in King Lear (Friedlander paragraph two).   King Lear’s other two daughters, Goneril and Regan, parallel with Gloucester’s son Edmund.   Goneril and Regan flatter Lear, â€Å"Sir, I love you more than words ca n wield the matter† (Shakespeare I. 1. 53-54).The parallels in the deaths of Lear and Gloucester are seen in how both die in the presence of their loyal children; Lear dies with Cordelia in his arms, and Gloucester dies after Edgar has revealed himself as the Duke’s son; thus, although Shakespeare has written the grotesque in the play, he also allows his protagonists a chance of redemption.Moreover, Lear and Gloucester both die in â€Å"extremes of passion.†Ã‚   Lear dies of a broken heart. â€Å"Break heart, I prithee break!†, and Gloucester’s â€Å"flaw’d heart† bursts of â€Å"joy and grief† after his reunion with Edgar (Shakespeare).   As well both die with renewed insight: Gloucester needs to be blinded before he can see Edmund’s deceit and Edgar’s loyalty.   Lear needs to suffer the rejection of his older daughters before he can see Cordelia’s loyalty, and men of power find that the loss of title a nd position humbles them; therefore the grotesque found in King Lear is eventually â€Å"overcome through love† (Doran 141).Shakespeare’s play is based on Briton’s own King Leir, a tragic story of a king and his relationship with his family. The tragic element of the play harkens to the reality of the time of the writing as well as its history involved in Britain (Friedlander paragraph one).   In the quote previously states (â€Å"I prithee daughter†- Shakespeare) there is a strong element of pride, lack of hope, and disease is mentioned.The disease mentioned could be a remark on the overpowering plagues occurring in Britain as well as famine.   Thus, the stress in a family relationship would be counted more stressful because of the environmental factors involved in the play’s setting.   In fact, the theme of hunger, either of love, hope, pride, or greed, runs strong through the entire play, and this is the reason the first quote is so import ant, it highlights these human elements in the play (West 57).Although the theme of marriage is not as   strong in this play there are other themes which comprise the progression of the plot.   The theme in King Lear subsists with the child-parent relationship which further develops with Lear’s three daughters, their submissiveness or lack of submissiveness with their father.   In this play the focus of the married daughters who are proven to be evil and usurpers of their fathers power while the younger daughter, the innocent unmarried one proves to be the only supporter King Lear has although he blindingly distrusts her from act one.   The theme of King Lear is suitably that of loyalty from the female caste whether in faithfulness or disloyalty.The parallels of greed in political power (another form of the grotesque in Shakespeare’s play) are presented in how Goneril and Regan seek political power by their ability to strip the King of all his train of follower s, by rejecting the King’s title, and turning him out into the storm, â€Å"†¦entreat him by no means to stay† (Shakespeare III. 1. 297).   Also, Edmund has high political aspirations by allowing Gloucester to be blinded for his own political gain,   â€Å"Hang him instantly [Regan]†¦Pluck out his eyes [Goneril]† (Shakespeare III. 7. 4-5), and he usurps Edgar’s legitimate title as the future Earl of Gloucester.   Furthermore, Kent and Edgar both lose their nobility, the Earl of Kent is banished for his honest defense of Cordelia, and Edgar loses his claim to nobility through the deceit and trickery of Edmund.The combination between the sub-plot and the main-plot in King Lear comprises of thematically similar plots. Shakespeare has used the characters and themes of the subplot to amplify the drama and calamity of the main plot.   With two plots, perfectly intertwined and yet offering parallel lessons, Shakespeare is able to heighten the e motional effect of the tragedy.   In conclusion, the subplot intensifies the emotional impact of the main plot in the areas of child-parent relationships, the corruption of political power, and the death of the protagonist (West 58).In the perception of identity and love in that identity King Lear is redemptive but full of blame, and still hanging onto pride which presents the issue of love for a woman, albeit a daughter, has not persuasion over self-loathing (Doran 152).   Here Shakespeare’s design in the play portends of how innocence as with Cordelia when followed is prophetic but when love is denied in Shakespeare’s plays the consequences are dire.   In King Lear’s age he sees himself as beyond the measure of blame because his life is already lived, his deeds are already accomplished. It is with the hope of redemption through love that the play ends; King Lear states,Hear me, recreant! On thine allegiance, hear me! Since thou hast sought to make us bre ak our vow- Which we durst never yet- and with strain'd pride To come between our sentence and our power,- Which nor our nature nor our place can bear,- Our potency made good, take thy reward. Five days we do allot thee for provision To shield thee from diseases of the world, And on the sixth to turn thy hated back Upon our kingdom. If, on the tenth day following, Thy banish'd trunk be found in our dominions, The moment is thy death. Away! By Jupiter, This shall not be revok'd   (ShakespeareI.i.178ff).It is only with the hope of love, that these characters can be redeemed, and the nature of the grotesque in the play may be wiped out.This essay has delved into the plays inner workings of plot, and sub plot and how each character seems to represent a certain element of the grotesque in human nature through greed, political power, and lack of faith (West 57).   It is only through King Lear’s blindness that this grotesque nature is truly seen since the reason for his blindnes s is because he cannot bear to see the world he created through his own grotesque nature beginning with doubt of his daughter’s love.Work CitedDoran, M.   The Quarto of â€Å"King Lear† and Bright's Shorthand.   Modern Philology,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vol.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   33, No. 2 (Nov., 1935), pp. 139-157Friedlander, E.   Enjoying King Lear.   2005.   Online.   Retrieved 22 November 2007.http://www.pathguy.com/kinglear.htmShakespeare.   King Lear.   Penguin Classic.   1998.Theatre History.   King Lear.   2002.   Online.   Retrieved 22 November 2007.http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/kinglear001.htmlWest, R.   Sex and Pessimism in King Lear.   Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Winter, 1960), pp. 55-60. King Lear PPISMP TESL (R) Foundation Course Cohort 4 (June 2011 Intake) English Studies III: PI 1353K (R) (Revision) KING LEAR By William Shakespeare 1. The intricate relationship between characters adds to the interest of readers to study the play. Based on the play you have studied, discuss this statement with convincing evidence to justify your answer. 2. Write a critical analysis of one of the themes presented in the play you have studied. 3. Identify the theme of the play you have studied. Elaborate how the theme is developed by the characters. . Identify the theme of the play you have studied. Elaborate how the plot and the setting develop the theme. 5. Identify one of the issues raised in the play you have studied. characters reflect this issue. Elaborate how the 6. Identify the theme of the play you have studied. Elaborate how the theme is developed by the setting and the characters. 7. Identify the issues raised in the play you have studied. evidence from the text. Discuss the issues with 8. Discuss the significance of the title and how it reflects the theme of the play. .Discuss the significance of the title and how it is developed by the characters and plot of the novel. NHA/ES III – King Lear Revision/2012 Themes Greed for power & wealth Betrayal Familial relationship Love & betrayal Issues Greed for power & wealth destroys Blind love Actions and consequences 10. Based on the drama you have studied, analyze the play based on the following i. The characters ii. The theme iii. The issues raised Support your answer with convincing evidence and elaboration. 1. You have studied a play during this course. Based on this play, write a critical analysis of about 350 words. In your analysis, discuss the themes and issues raised and how these are portrayed by the characters. 12. Write a reader response of about 350 words on the play you have studied. In your reader response, discuss the following; i. ii. iii. The theme The characters and their relationships The i nfluence of the setting on the characters NHA/ES III – King Lear Revision/2012 King Lear Although a similar vision of justice is encompassed within King Lear and The Tempest, both protagonists receive fate strikingly dissimilar from one another; as a direct result of the relationship shared between their respective daughters, which ultimately distinguishes the plays from the similar concepts (compassion, nature, monarchy, and usurping) found within them. In King Lear, the nature of mercy and redemption are unobtainable elements, as the form of a Shakespearean tragedy is established on the foundation of chaos and pity, which arguably conceals the subtle (or blatant) relationship between both plays.Both plays include a tempest; a violent thunderstorm that symbolize a life-changing moment for the introspective protagonists. Prospered magic conjures the violent storm described in The Tempest, which destroys the boat of his royal enemies and prompts the pilot of the play. Unlike Prosper, Lear is a victim of the tempest described in his tragedy, but Shakespeare purposely uses this scene to ‘ cleanse' the drenched king as he makes a revelation through an emotional soliloquy, thus humbugging him.This concept of nature's fury, although mutually significant in both respective plays, also discloses the dissimilarity shared between the two protagonists. Prosper, from the opening scene, was described as wise and empathetic, specifically using the storm to confront his enemies, not to cause harm. Prosper was already introduced to the audience as a humankind protagonist, while Shakespeare depicted Lear as ‘blind' until his own tempest in the middle of the play. The significance of the tempest scenes symbolizes the genesis of repentance and retribution for both of the principal characters.Although Prosper is successful in restoring his role as the rightful king in the plays climax, Learner's kingdom is obliterated and results in his death. The notable nature behind the protagonist's paternal role towards their daughter tryingly influences the events of the play, as both elderly kings are fathers to similarly angelic daughters. In King Lear, the audience is quickly clued in on Learner's foolishness as a father, since Shakespeare manifests this notion through the old kings retirement celebration.Learner's two daughters, General and Reagan, are wicked women who manipulatively express their faux affection towards their narcissistic father. Ironically, Cornelia remains the only daughter of virtue who proclaims that the sincere affection she feels towards him transcends mere words. King Learner's opening CT alone already corresponds with the introduction found within The Tempest's introduction, except the scenario is presented in a reverse manner.Lear was seeking an early retirement and attempted to distribute his kingdom between his three daughters, while Prosper was usurped of his dukedom by his treacherous younger brother, Antonio. Despite of the similarities presented in the opening act, Shakespeare also reveals the pivotal differe nce behind the plays father/daughter dynamic. Unlike Lear, Prosper is completely engrossed in Miranda and her well- being from the plays opening, even comparing her too cherub: MIRANDA Alack, what trouble Was I then to you! PROSPER O, a cherubim Thou waste that did preserve me.Thou didst smile. Infused with a fortitude from heaven. (1. 2. 51-54) Shakespeare arguably uses Miranda for the sole purpose of symbolism, since her character's actions are essentially irrelevant to the events in The Tempest, as she's utilized more as an image of Prospered fatherly love rather than a character of great significance. Cornelia, whose nature is undeniably similar to Miranda, is portrayed as one the most compelling characters in King Lear, due to her role as the angelic daughter who substitutes Marinara's naivety with awareness.Shakespeare exchanges the protagonist's role through their daughters in both King Lear and The Tempest; Lear exhibits Marinara's naivety and Prosper reflects Cordillera's c ompassion. Shakespeare distinguishes this concept from the onset of both plays and hints towards the protagonist's fate through, once again, their daughters. Prosper established his endearment towards Miranda in the beginning of The Tempest and consistently demonstrated his loyalty towards her. Shakespeare rewards the unconditional love exhibited by the elderly king and compensates the former ruler with a favorable conclusion.In King Lear, the protagonist is not bestowed with the same fortune, as Lear also hints towards his fate during the plays introduction. Lear does not refer to his celestial daughter a cherub, like Prosper did, and chooses to disown his daughter instead: LEAR: Let it be so. Thy truth then be thy dower. For by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hectare and the night, By all the operation of the orbs From whom we do exist and cease to be-? Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity, and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and me H old thee from this for ever.The barbarous Scythian, Or he that makes his generation messes To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom Be as well neighborhood, pitied, and relieved As thou my sometime daughter. (109-123) Truthfully, Lear only disowned his daughter through the sole notion that she didn't love him (verbally), but the motive behind this harsh act does not exempt Lear from the grim fate Shakespeare had reserved. A Shakespearean tragedy is molded on the tragic figure's hamster, as Learner's foolishness' was evidently his.Betrayal of kin spreads like poison throughout King Learner's conclusion: Gloucester, Lear, Reagan, and General all meet their grim fate because of the deception they inflicted on their families. Cornelia is substantially the most tragic character in King Lear (and arguably all of the tragedies) due to her innocent and compassionate persona, which rejects the bitterness imposed from being the victim of betrayal and attempts to restore her father's usurped t itle.However, the unspeakable act behind a father abandoning his saintly daughter strongly indicates why Shakespeare bestowed Prosper with magic and Lear with madness. Superficially, King Lear and The Tempest both provide many of the elements squired in a revenge plot. Both protagonists are conceptually banished after their royal power is renounced, regardless if the title was robbed from them or relinquished willingly, and desire to restore their former glory. The plays also describe similar scenes of madness experienced by Lear but inflicted by Prosper on secondary characters.Although betrayal and the search for Justice are elements fundamental to the plays plot, neither story qualifies in taking the title of a revenge tragedy. In King Lear, the only character that arguably has a motive for revenge is Edmund for being mocked as an illegitimate child. Lear, the principal character, is responsible for triggering the events of the play by allowing the wicked sisters to rule his kingd om and disown Cornelia. In The Tempest, the magical harpy generated by Prospered magic doesn't qualify as the Vengeful ghost' most revenge tragedies would describe.Prosper succeeds in his revenge by restoring his stolen title from Antonio, but expresses mercy and compassion towards his enemies, therefore voiding the play from any tragic genre. Predominantly, the themes illustrated in The Tempest and King Lear project the once for Justice, but the concept behind familial betrayal stem from the protagonist's daughters and ultimately receive Judgment from Shakespeare. The component of evil is not entirely absent from The Tempest, as Clinical (the son of the Devil who attempted to rape young Miranda) is undeniably a wicked character.Clinical echoes similarities to Lagos character in Othello, evoking the idea that the Devil mightier had more children scattered throughout the Shakespearean universe. While the Journey for restoration described in King Lear arguably parallels the plot thin The Tempest, the progress actually made by protagonists reveals that the psyche of both men are actually years apart. Prosper is already enjoying the relationship he shares with his daughter at the beginning of his play while Lear doesn't make his revelation until half of the plays events elapse.In fact, Lear is ironically more sane as a madman then he ever was as king. Shakespeare gives the notion that the power behind father-daughter relationship transcends any obstacle hurled towards the protagonist, as described by the victory Prosper achieved after Ewing exiled to a distant island, but the tragedy depicted in King Lear reminds the audience of the grim consequences one must face when turning their back on innocent family. The conclusion of both plays, Just like their introductions, are described in a reverse fashion.Shakespeare temporarily forgave Lear through compassionate Cornelia, while Prosper exhibited his compassion by forgiving the other characters. Prosper learns compass ion through Miranda, a concept that Shakespeare deliberately instilled in Lear when it was too late . If Shakespeare had altered the conclusion in King Lear to an ending where Lear survived the chaos, then t would be plausible to assume his character would exhibit the same characteristics of Prosper; two elderly rulers who where once usurped by malicious family and learned the value of compassion through their righteous daughters.Of course, this theoretical concept of King Lear concluding in peace would null the play from its tragic form, and reclassify the drama as a comedy Just like it's companion play, The Tempest. Moreover, The elements of a tragedy illustrated in The Tempest are not as blatant as those described in King Lear, if anything, the hamster Lear suffers from is substituted by Prospered wisdom. The element of hope, however, is a strong tragic component that pulsates throughout the veins of both plays. The audience evidently sympathizes with both protagonists, as both e lderly men have been â€Å"more sinned against than sinning. (3. 2. 1372), but Shakespeare ultimately scrutinizes the elderly men through their behavior as fathers-of-celestial women and Judges their fate by either condemning the protagonist to an agonizing death or rewarding him with the honor of restored monarchy and freedom. *Addendum: If given the fortunate opportunity to celebrate my 65th birthday, Judging by how I fleet on life the past 24 years, I can certainly see myself remembering Shakespearean work as the key to understanding hamster and the very-real danger it can demonstrate.Aristotle coined the term hamster, but it wasn't until I read Shakespearean Hamlet that I realized the consequences of your internal-flaws. Similar to Hamlet, I used to have an indecisive personality, (which hasn't completely faded from my subconscious), and I frequently would think-before acting and find faux justifications in delaying my goals: applying for scholarships, working harder in grade s chool, daily exercise, healthy dieting, and managing finances.Although I didn't interact with the ghost of my father nor seek revenge against my treacherous uncle, I lost dozens of life-enriching opportunities due to being indecisive and it haunts me frequently. I can only assume, and hope, that the age of 65 will be a milestone for decades of utilizing a revamped proactive persona, as the tragedies will always remind me of the catastrophes that stem from personality flaws. After all, what better way can we pity a tragic figure than to express our own compassion towards their suffering?

Importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover Essay

â€Å"Masquerading! A lewd custom to debauch our youth. There’s something more in this than I imagine.† – Don Pedro Aphra Behn, the first female playwright to earn a living through her writing, was also one of the wittiest and entertaining as evidenced through her most well known play, The Rover. Set in 17th century Italy while under the colonial reign of Spain, a large cast of characters becomes embroiled in scenes of infidelity, seduction, misrepresentation, and elaborate swordplay, which create tension and confusion in addition to many comedic episodes. The setting is Carnival time in Venice, which is important to the plot for several reasons: the wearing of masks (as was customary) allows a freedom from normal constraints, there is often in the play a mistake made in identities, circumstances can (and do) occur which could never otherwise happen, it allows for a fast pace to be maintained which keeps the spectators involved, and ultimately, â€Å"confusion captures the spirit of the carnival† (1). During carnival times class barriers came down with the rich mingling with the poor. The tradition of wearing masks at carnival time became necessary in order to protect the identities of the rich (2). This also gave opportunities to act out in a manner far removed from their habitual one. By having her female characters hidden behind masks, Behn is able to remove them from their traditional roles as women and give them empowerment. In effect, they can assume new personalities and remove their inhibitions or the otherwise usual yokes that have been cast on them by a male-dominated society. Hellena is the perfect example of one throwing off inhibitions and revealing her inner self behind the guise of a mask. Slated for the convent in an effort by her father to consolidate the family finances, she decides that this carnival will be the time she finds a man – and she sets her sights on one as daring and quick-witted as herself. She is able to track him in different disguises and at one point sets out to â€Å"vex† him for his keeping with Angellica. She shows herself to be a strong, independent-thinking woman in an age when women had few personal rights. The carnival setting is the  vehicle that gives her the freedom to behave in the manner she does. The carnival setting is also the cause of mistaken identities. Because of this confusion Behn is able to further the comedic and suspense elements. For example, Don Pedro is denied his opportunity with the lovely Angellica when his friend (and his intended brother-in-law) Don Antonio pays his offering to be with her. Don Pedro is further incensed by the fact that this is a slight against his sister, Florinda, which ultimately leads to the setting of a time and place for a duel. Of course, Don Antonio believes he is confronting Belvile from his verbal exchange with Don Pedro. Ironically, when Belvile comes to the aid of Don Antonio later, he is charged with actually doing the crime of injuring him. Unwittingly, Don Antonio presses Belvile into fighting for him against Don Pedro for the honor of Florinda, Belvile’s love! This is one of many instances when the characters end up in entertaining situations due to mistaken identity. The mistakes made by the characters often misidentifying each other has an added effect of the audience having to pay especially close attention themselves to how the plot develops. Since all of the action occurs during Carnival (especially Venetian), the audience naturally expects some kind of confusion and mayhem to occur. This chaotic environment keeps the pace quickened making the carnival setting a natural choice for a swift paced play. Traditionally, carnivals of this kind â€Å"would take place in the various Venetian piazzas and would involve meals of imported delicacies, dancing and entertainment by jugglers, acrobats, etc. as well a feats of strength or daring, performed by young men, and usually resulting in being plunged into the freezing waters of the canal.†(2). With the goings-on throughout the city during Carnival, the play (as the spectators expect) would naturally exhibit the same impulsive atmosphere of gaiety and rapidity of movement that occur during carnivals. The play is also making a forward statement for its time and can because of the particular nature of the carnival. Through Hellena, Behn is speaking for women’s equality. Hellena while disguised is as courageous and outspoken as any man of the period. She is able to act as men do – choosing a mate as one  would livestock. Another unspoken assertion Behn makes is of the treatment of women who were not privileged. Repeated attempts at raping Florinda because the men thought she was of a lower station don’t put men in a good light. The attitudes of these men are that this is accepted practice and tolerated in 17th century society. Undeniably, it would seem as if they saw it as their right. Finally, while most men would look at Willmore’s cavalier attitude and behavior with what one might call reverence (who wouldn’t want to be a swashbuckler?), his lying, deceitfulness, and womanizing ways are not qualities that cause one to shine. These things along with the women’s sexual audaciousness would cause this play to be denigrated in the next era. In conclusion, Behn’s choice to place the action of the play in Venice during a carnival was appropriate to the theme. Indeed, one could argue that without the carnival as a backdrop, Behn could not have as effectively pulled off the character’s relationships and the myriad encounters nearly as well. The characters actions speak as much if not more than their words do and the speed of the play is determined by these actions. This could only have been achieved by the confusion and spontaneity inherent in the nature of carnivals. Thus, the importance of Carnival in Aphra Behn’s The Rover was paramount to the success of the play.

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Identify the GAAP used to create the financial plan, and provide one Assignment

Identify the GAAP used to create the financial plan, and provide one recommendation for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital based on their 2009 budget statement for improving - Assignment Example A financial plan is a succession of steps or objectives set by businesses or individuals to describe a progressive or cumulative attainment of a certain financial accomplishment (Lucy, 1999). These financial objectives and forecast are aimed at improving the financial position of the individual or organization through acquisition of new assets or elimination of debt. Various GAAP are instrumental in the preparation of GAAP. Principle of continuity- The principle of continuity assumes that the business or financial activities of an individual are continuous (Hirschey, 2009). This principle eliminates complexities that may be associated with discontinuity. Principle of periodicity- The principle of periodicity allows each accounting entry to be split according to periods. The principle also allows accountants to utilize the cyclic nature of business occurrences. Patton – Fuller community hospital has continuously provided quality medical services to people living in Kelsey and the immediate environment since 1975 (Apollo Group, 2006). To maintain its standards of operation, the hospital needs to have an economically viable financial plan. According to the 2009 budget plan, there is lack of consistency and continuity of the financial projections of the hospital. To maintain its position, the hospital needs to balance its organization and institutional roles. Financial accountants assume that a business will remain in operation within the forthcoming business period, when preparing its financial statements. On the other hand, the financial statements should indicate whether the business is likely to close down. In the 2009 financial budget, Patton – Fuller Hospital’s auditor did not evaluate the sustainability of the business in the near future. In this case, the auditor did not evaluate the hospitals

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Bipolar - Assignment Example There are certain forms of medication that are used to control the symptoms of bipolar disorder It is important to note that, bipolar has different types of medications that can help control its symptoms. However, not every patient with bipolar disorder responds to medications in a similar manner. This means that doctors could prescribe different medications before coming to the ones that work best for a particular patient. The types of medications generally used in the treatment of bipolar disorder include atypical antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and antidepressants (Grunze, et.al, 2013). Mood stabilizers are normally the first choice in the treatment of bipolar. Patients with bipolar generally use mood stabilizers for years. There are several mood stabilizers that are good for people with bipolar. First, lithium also known as Lithobid or Eskalith is an effective mood stabilizer for bipolar patients. It treats both manic and depressive episodes. However, lithium could have side effects including restlessness, bloating, dry mouth, acne and joint and muscle pain among other side effects. The doctor should first check the amount of lithium in the body before prescribing the medication. Secondly, anticonvulsants are also used as stabilizers for people with bipolar disorder. They help control moods. Examples of anticonvulsants include Valproic acid, Lamotrigine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine and topiramate. However, anticonvulsants could have side effects including drowsiness, headache, dizziness, heartburn, constipation and mood swings (McCance & Huether, 2010). Atypical antipsychotics are used to treat the symptoms of bipolar, however, not all the time. They are prescribed among other medications such as antidepressants and they include olanzapine, aripiprazole and quetiapine. These also have side effects that include dizziness, drowsiness, sensitivity to the sun, menstrual problems for women and rapid heartbeat

See instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See instructions - Essay Example The policies cover impartation of knowledge and motivational activities with the focus of highlighting the cruciality of hand hygiene. (Richards and Chesley, 2002). Murray et al (2009) argue that the use of pre and post intervention test outcomes that show health workers knowledge level about prevention and control of infections caused by not washing or improper hand washing will go a long way in reducing the level of such related infections. Proper washing and scrubbing of hands by health workers has proven to be cost effective in preventing and controlling of nosocomical infections. This has been realised through drastic drop in the number of HAI transmitted by contaminated gloves and hands and thereby reduced morbidity and mortality rates. This would mean loss of human, social and economic capital (Whitby et al. 2006). The outstanding challenge to LTC has been and still remains to be placement and availability of alcohol based hand sanitizers to be utilised by the doctors, health workers and residence in an appropriate manner. It was found out that Personal Support Workers and nurses at Whitby Long term care were not washing hands before and after providing care on each patient. The practitioners fail to wash their hands despite having the knowledge that LTC facilities serves an exceptional group of people and experience unique environmental challenges thereby making them the highest transmitters of infections. Infection is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity and also gives rise to the highest number of transfers of patients from LTC to acute care hospitals. (Richards and Chesley,  2002). I have chosen this issue because the hand washing hygiene remains to be the most significant procedures in preventing and controlling hospital acquired infections (HAI). Upholding compliance and sustaining hand hygiene habit after knowledge impartation,

Holocaust Museum in Washington DC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holocaust Museum in Washington DC - Essay Example School children and heads of state are among those coming to learn about the ravages of a global war with the official website attracting on the average around 25 million hits in 5 years. My reason to visit was due to my interest in history and the curiosity to see for myself what was capturing the interest of people around the world. The museum has over 12,750 preserved artifacts as well as 49 million pages of text and 80,000 photographs. Names of 200,000 survivors are also recorded here as well as taped interviews of some of them. Visiting the museum is the perfect opportunity for any history fan to get to see the way of life from those times. I had already done a bit of browsing on USHMM’s official website and wanted to see the place in flesh and blood, or bricks and mortar, in this case. Despite being familiar with the place’s background and what it stood for, I was not quite prepared for the melancholy and eerie air that permeated the building. The structure seems to resonate with the presence of human souls, a rather accurate term since the USHMM was designed by Holocaust survivor James Ingo Freed to be a resonator of memory, as my guide informed me. The most startling feature of the museum is the octagonal Hall of Remembrance, a huge, silent space to memorialize the 6 million victims and survivors of the Holocaust. Visitors can light candles or visit an eternal flame in silence homage to the departed souls. In the Hall of Remembrance, even the air feels heavy with the weight of history. Before you actually come to visit the place, the reality of the Holocaust and the fact that these people actually lived, laughed, cried and loved does not actually sink in. Sitting in contemplation in the Hall of Remembrance, you are made aware of the fact that every single name on display was a living, breathing human being, with dreams, hopes, and aspirations. The USHMM was built not just as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It was also construct ed to familiarize newer generations with the horror and futility of war. It was meant to pass on the message that hatred should not be allowed to prosper. And I must confess it did have this effect on me. A visit to USHMM is not just about learning about this calamity. The place helps one connect with their innermost feelings of compassion, sympathy, and empathy.

Nursing practices on coronary diseases in the UK Essay

Nursing practices on coronary diseases in the UK - Essay Example This is important in the realm of health care, especially when the human aspect is involved in the context of nursing staff. The approach towards management of coronary heart diseases is of utmost importance, as this is one of those medical conditions wherein the treatment circumstances greatly impact the final course of healing. This topic hence entails immense significance and needs to be understood in the context of real-time problems that exist within the treatment mechanism. The research goes upfront with the hypothesis that the nursing care system can play a vital role in treatment of patients with coronary heart diseases. This can largely be speculated due to the fact that it is both an internal and an external condition. Though the internal condition can be taken care of by medicines, the external one largely depends upon the physical environment that is available over there. This is important as this acts as a vector for the study, and gives it the needed direction on order to answer the research question. The said topic was chosen because it gives a very nice converging point for a multitude of study areas, namely internal medicine, external health care, ancillary health services, nursing health care practices and physical atmospheric comforts in healthcare. An all-encompassing issue, this can give an overview about the issue and finally as to what can and is to be doe in the future on this subject. To investigate in detail the aforementioned reason, a number of recent researches on the topic were studied, to evaluate how is this issue being dealt with in real-time. Search engines of the Med-Line and BMJ were consulted for an all encompassing and international perspective on the issue, and the researches subsequently present a very thorough and diverse standing on the subject. Listing of Relevant Literature Following researches conducted on the said topic in the last decade are of significant mention: Coronary heart diseases were once viewed as an inevitable consequence of being infirm and bed-ridden. As it has been recognized that this is not the case, coronary heart diseases have come to be seen much more as an indicator of the quality of care provided, and are consequently high on the political and health agenda. This article provides an overview of the key aspects of coronary heart disease risk assessment and prevention drawn from a variety of national policy documents (Stephen-Haynes, 2004). To study prevalence of coronary heart diseases among functionally impaired patients in the community and evaluate risk factors associated with the development of coronary heart diseases in these patients. Design. Cross-sectional, observational study. Community dwellers served by the Primary Health Care Area of Rincon de la Victoria in Malaga.Participants. All patients included in the Impaired Patient Programme (n=178). Prevalence of coronary heart diseases in our Basic Health Area was 12.9%. The most important sociodemographic characteristic associated with the presence of coronary heart diseases in these patients was the educational attainment of the caregiver. Health variables of the patient were also associated with the risk of developing coronary heart diseases. Results indicate the need of diagnostic protocols with standardised instruments and prevention plans to reduce coronary heart d

School Bus and Dumb Pigs Essay Example for Free

School Bus and Dumb Pigs Essay Narrator: Megan’s father asked her to feed the pigs on her way to school. He said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Father: Megan please feed the pigs but don’t open the gate. Pigs are smarter than you think. Don’t open the gate. Megan: right I will not open the gate. Not me no sir no no no no. Narrator: so Megan went to the pig pen. She looked the pigs. The pigs looked at Megan. Megan: these are the dumbest looking pigs I have ever seen. They stand here like lumps on a bump. They wouldn’t do anything if I did open the gate. Narrator: so Megan opened the gate just a little bit. The pigs stood there and looked at Megan. They didn’t do anything. Megan said Megan: these are the dumbest looking pigs I have ever seen. They stand here like lumps on a bump. They wouldn’t do anything even go out the door if the house was on fire. Narrator: so Megan opened the gate a little bit more. The pigs stood there and looked at Megan. They didn’t do anything. Then Megan yelled†¦ Megan: HEY YOU DUMB PIGS! Narrator: the pigs jumped up and ran over Megan, WAP- WAP- WAP-WAP-WAP and out the gate. When Megan got up she couldn’t see the pigs anywhere. She said Megan: UH OH, I am in bad trouble. Maybe pigs are not so dumb after all. Narrator: then she went to tell her father the bad news. When she got to the house Megan heard a noise coming from the kitchen. Then it went, Pig: OINK OINK OINK Megan: that doesn’t sound like my mother. That doesn’t sound like my father. that sounds like pigs. Narrator: she looked in the window. There was her father sitting at the breakfast table. A pig was drinking his coffee. A pig was eating his news paper and a pig peeing on his shoe. Father: Megan you opened the gate. Get these pigs out of here. Narrator: Megan opened the front door a little bit. The pigs stood and looked at Megan. Finally Megan opened the front door all the way and yelled†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Megan: HEY YOU DUMB PIGS. Narrator: the pigs jumped up and ran right over Megan, WAP- WAP-WAP-WAP And out the door. Megan ran outside chassed all the pigs into the pig pen and shut the gate. Then she looked at the pigs a said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Megan: your are still dumb, like lumps on a bump. Narrator: then she ran off to school. Just as she was about to open the front door of the school she heard a sound. Pigs: OINK OINK OINK. Narrator: she said †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Megan: that doesn’t sound like my teacher. That doesn’t sound like the principal. That sounds like pigs Narrator: Megan looked in the principle’s window. There was a pig drinking principal’s coffee. A pig was eating the principal’s newspaper. And a pig was peeing on the principal’s shoe. The principal yelled†¦. Principal: Megan, get these pigs out of here! Narrator: Megan opened the front door of the school a little bit. The pigs didn’t do anything. She opened the door all the way and yelled†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Megan: HEY YOU DUMB PIGS. Narrator: the pigs jumped up and ran right over Megan, WAP-WAP-WAP-WAP and out the door. Megan went into the school she sat down at the desk and said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Megan: that’s that I finally got rid of all the pigs. Narrator: then she heard a noise. Pig: OINK OINK OINK Narrator: Megan opened her desk and there a new baby pig. The teacher said†¦ Teacher: Megan get that dumb pig out of here. Megan: Dumb? Who ever said pigs were dumb? Pigs are smart. I am going to keep it for a pet. Narrator: at the end of the day the school bus finally came Megan walked up to the door then heard something say, Pig: OINK OINK OINK Narrator: Megan said Megan: that doesn’t sound like the bus driver that sounds like the pigs. Narrator: she climbed up the stairs and looked in the bus. There was a pig driving the bus, pigs eating the seats and pigs lying in the aisle. A pig shut the door and drove the bus down the road. It drove the bus all the way to Megan’s farm, through the barnyard and right into the pig pen. Megan got out of the bus walked across the barnyard and marched into the kitchen. She said†¦. Megan: the pigs are all back in the pig pen. They came back by themselves. Pigs are smarter than you think. Narrator: and Megan never let out any more animals out again. At least not any more pigs

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Essay Example for Free

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Essay Describe the scenario that you have selected and its corresponding employment laws. The human resource scenario the writer selected is the need for seasonal employees who may be from another country. Employment laws for the state of Mississippi will be a base used to solve this issue. Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws from the Employment Law Handbook insures that seasonal workers are provided with a minimum wage, meals and breaks, vacation, sick leave, severance and holidays. Mississippi currently does not have any state laws requiring or regulating these requests. Mississippi uses federal guidelines as a base for establishing employment laws. The federal law as of today requires a minimum wage of 7.25 dollars. The federal law for overtime is also followed by Mississippi. Meals and breaks according to federal law are not defined. Breaks taken by an employee that are less than twenty minutes must be paid and lunch breaks thirty minutes or more do not need to be paid as long as an employee can do whatever he or she likes during this period according to the Department of Labor. Vacation leave is determined to the employer since Mississippi legislature does not have any established guidelines on this matter. Sick leave, Severance pay and holidays are all determined by an employer in the state of Mississippi due to established laws in this state (Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws, 2012). In August of 2012 Mississippi held a committee meeting on immigration reform. Governor Phil Bryant wanted to reaffirm a law preventing undocumented immigrants from recovering public benefits. The Mississippi Senate will have to take into consideration the United States Supreme Court rulings and federal appeals when drafting Mississippi legislature for immigration laws. The Mississippi state immigration law would have to comply with E-Verify laws and constitutional laws are not violated. President Barack Obama passed a deportation deferral to immigrants earlier this year but states can pass their own immigration reform laws such as Arizona and Alabama (Cherry, 2012). The United States Department of Labor established an act called The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act or (MSPA) in order to protect these types of workers. The act protects employment related migrant and seasonal workers. The MSPA ensures that each nonexempt farm contractor and agricultural seasonal association disclose their terms and conditions of employment to each migrant worker. The terms and conditions of employment must be explained to the migrant and seasonal worker at the time of recruitment (Department of Labor, 2012). The job must description must also explain worker protection, amount of wages due to a migrant worker and provide an itemized statement of earnings and deductions (Department of Labor, 2012). The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act also guide housing and transportation. The federal guide line ensures that housing and transportation provided meets federal and state guidelines with proper licensure and insurance which is enforced by the wage and hour division. The federal guidelines require records must be kept for at least three years which includes name, permanent addresses and social security numbers (Department of Labor, 2012). The Fair Labor Standards Act or (FLSA) requires that workers on large farms are paid minimum wage but they are excluded from overtime premium pay. The FLSA prevents children under the age of sixteen from working during school hours and working certain jobs deemed too dangerous. Children that are employed on their families’ farm are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act (Department of Labor, 2012). The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) require employers that want to use foreign temporary workers with H-2A visas get a labor certificate from the Employment and Training Administration. The certificate ensures that there are not enough able, willing and qualified United State workers available to do the work. The Immigration and Nationality Act standard of the H-2A program is enforced by the wage and hour division (Department of Labor, 2012). Recommend a plan to manage the HRM situation within the confines of the law. Justify your approach to your scenario to HR management. The human resource management plan the writer recommends would be based on performance. Job performance and task performance represents what an employee contributes to an organization that employs them. Migrant workers would benefit from this type of grading system if the work performance is factory based. Task performance is the product of employees performing actions leading to the production of raw materials into goods and services. Studies have been performed to show job performance management provides feedback and measurement improves employee performance leading to better organizational performance (Stewart, Brown, 2011). The writer believes migrant workers may show citizenship behavior. Employees often show citizenship behavior by going the extra mile for the company, volunteering for special projects, following organizational procedures even if they are not convenient for the employee and defending the business where the employee works (Stewart, Brown, 2012). The writer would focus on counterproductive behavior before it starts. Counterproductive behavior is behavior from an employee that is harmful to a business. An employee can exhibit two types of counterproductive behavior: 1) production deviance 2) property deviance occurs when employee sabotage equipment, destroys materials and products and misuse expense accounts. The counterproductive behavior can also be extended to gossiping about coworkers and showing favoritism. The writer would create a manual of policies and procedures explaining how this behavior is prohibited and have disciplinary consequences set in place if this behavior is exhibited. The writer would not use performance appraisals as much. The main goal would be to give feedback to an employee and listen to any problems they may be having. State how a competitive advantage may be gained by ensuring HRM practices meet the necessary employment laws. A competitive advantage can be gained by ensuring human resource strategies are followed. A company must have an employee handbook, benefits package, job descriptions and a payroll system in place to ensure human resource strategies are at an advantage to the company. The steps above can be followed also to keep in compliance with legal employment issues. Laws and regulations are important to ensure equal rights to disabled worker, employment eligibility for migrant workers with the use of an I-9 form, drug screening and work place harassment. A competitive strategy can lead to effective human resource department and a successful business (Managing Employees, 2012). Speculate what might happen if the situation was not handled in accordance with the appropriate employment laws. A business that does not follow employment laws can face state and federal criminal charges. A business can avoid costly law suits by following laws to ensure employees are treated fairly. A company’s compliance can save money that would be used to repair a damaged reputation. Specific laws protect employees from immutable characteristics such as sex, race, age and religion. Characteristics such as tattoos, nose piercings and long hair are not covered by federal and state laws. State laws can set a basis by not discriminating against marital status or sexual orientation and may not conflict with federal laws. The writer speculates that if state and federal discrimination laws are broken a company can face many damaging hardships (Stewart, Brown, 2012). References Cherry, Daniel (2012). Lawmakers Gearing Up for Immigrant Reform Battle Retrieved from http:www.mpbonline.org on November 18, 2012 Stewart, G., Brown, K. (2011). Human resource management (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Managing Employees (2012). Retrieved from http:www.mississippi.org on November 18, 2012 Mississippi Wage and Hour Laws (2012). Employment Law Handbook, Retrieved from http:www.employmenthandbook.com on November 18, 2012 The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection, (2012) Department of Labor Retrieved from http:www.dol.gov on November 18, 2012

The History Of Markup Languages Information Technology Essay

The History Of Markup Languages Information Technology Essay Document markup is a process of writing codes in a document to identify structure and format of a final appearance of a document. Markup was done by copy editor writing instruction on document that was followed by typesetter, before the computerization of printing industry. After computerization, text formatting languages were written. Copy editors markup was converted into the normal markup by a typesetter. When computers spread over the world, people began using word processing software to write documents. Each word processing program had its own feature and technique of markup. All electronic documents which store text use some form of markup. These markups can be visible, hidden or self-generated. Document markup divided into two categories specific markup and generic markup. Specific markup uses instructions which are specific to the certain software that produces document. Generic markup indentifies structure of a document. The beginning of generic markup was macros for typesetting language. Series of commands can be executed by software instruction which called macro. Furthermore, macro keeps track of chapter numbers in document and the change of macro can modify the feature of the chosen chapter. The first presentation about markup languages was made by William Tunnicliffe at Canadian Government Printing Office in 1967. Later in 1969 Raymond Lorie, Edward Mosher, and Charles Goldfarb created Generalized Markup Language (GML). GML was based on ideas of Tunnicliffe. In 1978 GML committee decide to make changes in markup and make it generic. They limited database searches to title by marking title as instead of and . It was a beginning of SGML which was based on both GML and Gencode. SGML was developed during the years and now it is used by major government agencies. HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a markup language that creates web pages. Nowadays, all web pages are made by using HTML or another language which uses basic elements of HTML. Since 1990 when Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML, this markup language started to advance and now it is the most primary language in a world of web. HTML developed from HTML 1.0 to HTML 4.0 in 7 years. In 1994, first HTML 2.0 document was released First draft HTML 3.0 was released in 1995 In 1996, HTML 3.0 was developed to HTML 3.2 HTML 4.0 was released later in 1997. HTML 4.0 is the current version of HTML. -XML XML was created in 1996 by XML Working Group which was lead by Jon Bosak. The design goal of XML was: XML should be easily accessible over the internet Various applications must be supported by XML XML should be similar to SGML. SGML is another markup language which was created before SGML. More precise information about SGML will be given in the next section XML should be designed brief and official. It should be easy for beginners to create documents in XML XML, Extensible Markup Language, is a standard for document markup which is supported by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML is markup language and a restricted form of Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) which provides a standard format for electronic documents. This format can be easily customized for web sites, vector graphics, object serialization and voice-mail systems. Programs which control data in XML documents can be written by users. So, the availability of libraries in different languages that can write and read XML, allows users to concentrate on the unique needs of their program. Moreover, XML documents can be modified using text editors and web browsers. Data of XML is included as strings of text in this type of documents. XML and HTML documents look similar. However; there are some important differences. First of all, XML is a matemarkup language. That means XML provides sets of elements and tags that can work for everybody in different areas of interest. For example, Chemists can use molecules, atoms and reactions by using appropriate elements. Musicians can use elements notes, lyrics and much more that concerns their job. XML is a language that can be adapted to meet different requirements. Basic unit of data of XML is called an element. XML identify how elements surrounded by tags, the specification of tags and the names which appropriate for elements. The documents which satisfy these requirements are successfully formed; Otherwise documents containing errors will be rejected by XML. Documents in XML are compared with specific scheme. If a document matches scheme then this document considered valid. Invalid documents are not equivalent to scheme, but it is not important for all documents to be valid. There are various XML schemes. Document type definition (DTD) is the mostly supported scheme which is the only scheme that supported by XML 1.0. DTD contains the entire legal markup and identifies places where these markups can be inserted in the document. -SGML Worldwide standard for the explanation of device-independent, system-independent ways if representing texts in electronic form called Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). SGML documents are not limited by size and can form an independent unit that transported either electronically or in printed form. SGML documents contain interconnected elements that hold data serving for specific purpose. Document Type Definition (DTD) characterizes documents structure according to the elements it contains and the order of these elements. DTD is linked with a SGML. Within the DTD each element in the document named in order to recognize the role of this element. The recognized elements can form the tags that identify the start and the end of elements, when they placed within markup delimiters. SGML parses must authorize files that positioned into the repository. SGML system can be constructed from interrelated software components. Data repository is a central part of SGML system. Before the documents are dispatched from the repository another validation needed in order to guarantee that referenced data has not been neglected from the transmitted data set. SGML documents can be formatted according to features required by the author. There is a standard for defining: the structure of documents classes; characters for markup, and in the text of document; common text that will be written; special marking up techniques like tag minimization or identification of various versions of document; Attributes qualify some SGML markup tags. These attributes can help to identify specific tags, recall data that is externally stored and indicate the role of elements. Moreover attributes can control the way of presenting text to readers. SGML not only make easy to associate feature to text by short form of tags, but also named character references can be used to demand characters that are not included in character set of word processor. In order to modify SGML-coded document, it needed to be converted into form that word processors can understand. It is a complex process for generalized SGML document and there one application which is specifically designed for converting word -processed text into and out of SGML. This application is called HyperText Markup Language (HTML) that is used on the World Wide Web. -HTML and XHTML HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the computer program that allows user to create own web page by formatting text and present it to the Internet public. First of all, hypertext and universality are the main qualities of HTML. Hypertext means that it possible to insert a link in a webpage that leads to another webpage. So, it is possible to access information on the internet from various places. Secondly, HTML is universal language, because these types of documents can be accessed from any computer such as Macintosh, UNIX and Microsoft. Special programs were designed in order to read HTML pages. These programs called browsers and the popular ones are Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Netscape operator and Opera. XML looks like HTML language; However , XML is a language that not only helps to create web pages, but also the program by which author can create his custom markup language to format documents. By using XML It is possible to use written data as custom information and used it further in the text. Nevertheless, XML is not as merciful as HTML. XML need careful coding, since XML is sensitive to upper and lowercase letters, quotations and tags. There is a huge number of HTML pages that can be read by any browser. So, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) decided to write HTML in XML. This new invention that called XHTML had all features of HTML as well as XMLs power and flexibility. -TEX There are two different categories of text processors: WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) system. User can see exactly what his document will look like while typing text. Markup system, Authors type text scattered with formatting commands, but they are unable to see appearance of their document while working on text. In order to see final result user must run the program. Since the final product can be seen by author, WYSIWYG systems have the obvious advantage; however, person can easily be distracted by the appearance of the document and will be unable to write the paper effectively. Because of these reasons, people who want academic paper prefer markup systems. TEX is an example of the markup system that was built in early eighteens, before WYSIWYG systems were widespread. Advantages of TEX TEX documents formed by the help of macros, that define format of each component. By the help of macros users dont have to write unnecessary formatting commands. For example, in order to write a footnote it is enough to write footnote command, instead of moving text to the bottom of page. Macros make TEX flexible. By changing definition of certain macro, the appearance of a document can be changed. TEX is easily adaptable, since new commands can be created. In order to print document which is written in TEX, user needs to give the output to a driver program which will convert descriptions into commands that understood by printers. Tex is doesnt rely on technology of printers; you just write a new driver when technology changes. TEX is freely available over the internet. TEX is an ideal program to create academic papers and even books. Disadvantages of TEX First of all, beginners have difficulty at getting used to TEX programming. It is easy to write primary macros, but writing complex macros is not a beginners work. Moreover, memory and design of TEX is limited, it doesnt grow dynamically and it uses only its own fonts. The most spread problem is interactivity of TEX. However, there is a solution to this problem. Many programs that give additional features to TEX are available. For example, Macintosh users can access the program named TEXtures that helps user to: Edit multiple texts at the same time with a multi-window editor; View the output of the program on the screen by the help of previewer; A printer driver; TEX proper. PC clone users can only edit one text at a time. User, should first of all edit a file, then run this document by the help of TEX, afterwards use previewer in order to see the output on the screen. If there are mistakes in the text user must write all of them down then edit file again. Nowadays, most common used systems are WYSIWYG programs that use a TEX engine. User can easily change appearance by few mouse clicks without having any knowledge about TEX.